Red Square is the heart of Moscow and one of the city’s most iconic landmarks. Steeped in history and surrounded by architectural masterpieces, it offers a unique glimpse into Russia’s rich cultural heritage. A self-guided walking tour of Red Square allows you to explore at your own pace, visiting the most important and fascinating sights within this historic area. Below is a suggested walking route that takes you through must-see attractions, ensuring you get the most out of your visit.
1. Start at the Kremlin
Begin your walking tour at the Kremlin, Moscow’s most famous landmark and one of the largest fortified complexes in the world. The Kremlin is a symbol of Russian power and has played a key role in the nation’s history.
What to See:
- Kremlin Walls and Towers: The Kremlin walls are lined with towers, many of which date back to the 15th century. The most famous tower is the Spasskaya Tower, which is the traditional entrance to the Kremlin.
- Ivan the Great Bell Tower: This is the tallest structure inside the Kremlin and offers stunning views of Red Square and the Moscow skyline.
- Patriarch’s Chambers: A significant site for Russian Orthodox heritage, located within the Kremlin’s grounds.
Why Visit:
- The Kremlin is the seat of Russia’s government and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its history dates back to the 12th century and reflects Russia’s political, religious, and cultural evolution.
2. Walk to the State Historical Museum
From the Kremlin, head across the square to the State Historical Museum, which sits on the northern side of Red Square. This museum is dedicated to the history of Russia, showcasing artifacts from ancient times to the present day.
What to See:
- Exhibitions: The museum’s collection includes rare artifacts, weapons, and artwork that narrate the history of Russia, from its earliest civilizations to its imperial and Soviet past.
- Building’s Architecture: The museum itself is an example of Russian Revival style and a remarkable piece of architecture, with its red brick exterior and grand design.
Why Visit:
- The State Historical Museum offers a comprehensive look at Russia’s past and provides essential context for understanding the historical importance of Red Square.
3. St. Basil’s Cathedral
Next, head towards St. Basil’s Cathedral, one of Moscow’s most recognizable landmarks. Its colorful onion domes and unique architecture make it a must-see. The cathedral was built between 1555 and 1561 and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
What to See:
- Exterior: The cathedral’s brightly colored domes are a masterpiece of Russian religious architecture, and no two domes are alike, adding to the building’s charm.
- Interior: The interior of St. Basil’s is just as stunning as its exterior, with intricate frescoes and a labyrinth of chapels connected by narrow corridors.
Why Visit:
- St. Basil’s Cathedral is an iconic symbol of Moscow and Russian Orthodox Christianity, and its intricate beauty is unmatched. The cathedral’s history and its unique design make it a central piece of Moscow’s heritage.
4. GUM Department Store
From St. Basil’s Cathedral, walk towards GUM, Moscow’s famous department store. Located along the eastern side of Red Square, GUM is both a historic shopping center and a beautiful architectural landmark.
What to See:
- Shopping Arcade: GUM is a grand space filled with luxury shops, cafes, and boutiques. Even if you’re not shopping, the glass roof and ornate architecture are worth admiring.
- Central Hall: The building’s main hall is stunning, with its arched glass roof, mosaic floors, and high-end stores that give the place a sense of elegance and opulence.
Why Visit:
- GUM is an example of Soviet-era architecture and one of the most important commercial buildings in Russia. Its historical significance and design make it a fascinating stop on your tour.
5. Lenin’s Mausoleum
Just opposite GUM, you’ll find the Lenin Mausoleum, where the embalmed body of Vladimir Lenin has been on display since 1924. Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the founding figure of the Soviet Union.
What to See:
- Lenin’s Body: The mausoleum allows visitors to see Lenin’s preserved body, which remains one of the most visited sites in Moscow.
- Mausoleum Architecture: The mausoleum itself is a simple, austere structure, constructed of red granite and designed in the constructivist style, in contrast to the grander architecture surrounding it.
Why Visit:
- Lenin’s Mausoleum is an important site for those interested in Russia’s Soviet past and the history of the Bolshevik Revolution.
6. Alexander Garden
After visiting the Lenin Mausoleum, head towards the Alexander Garden, located on the western edge of Red Square. This park is a peaceful green space where you can relax and reflect on your tour.
What to See:
- The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier: Pay your respects at this monument, which honors Soviet soldiers who lost their lives during World War II. The eternal flame is kept burning here.
- The Three Magnificent Arches: This set of arches was constructed to mark the restoration of the Kremlin in the 18th century and adds a historical touch to the garden.
Why Visit:
- The Alexander Garden offers a moment of tranquility amid the bustling square and is rich in historical significance, especially with its war memorial.
7. The Kremlin Towers and Red Square Walls
Finally, take a moment to walk along the Kremlin walls and look up at the Kremlin towers, some of which date back to the 15th century. These fortifications have been the heart of Russian power for centuries, and standing near them provides a unique sense of history.
What to See:
- Spasskaya Tower: The most famous of the Kremlin towers, featuring the iconic clock and serving as the main entrance to the Kremlin.
- Kremlin Wall: The wall itself, with its red brick construction, has withstood centuries of change, witnessing the rise and fall of monarchs, emperors, and presidents.
- Red Square’s History: The walls of Red Square have witnessed many of Russia’s most important historical moments, and walking near them will help you connect with Moscow’s rich past.
Why Visit:
- The Kremlin walls and towers are not just architectural feats but are imbued with centuries of political and military history, and they form the backdrop of Red Square’s significance.
Conclusion
A self-guided walking tour of Red Square is a journey through Moscow’s vibrant history and culture. From the Kremlin and St. Basil’s Cathedral to the Lenin Mausoleum and GUM Department Store, every step in Red Square reveals a different facet of Russian life, history, and architecture. By taking the time to explore these key sites, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of Moscow’s importance as the political and cultural heart of Russia. Whether you’re interested in history, architecture, or simply enjoying the beautiful surroundings, Red Square offers something for everyone.
