Red Square is arguably the most iconic landmark in Moscow and one of the most famous squares in the world. Located at the heart of the Russian capital, it has witnessed centuries of Russian history, from imperial celebrations to revolutionary events and modern-day gatherings. A visit to Red Square is a must for any tourist exploring Moscow, as it offers a unique blend of stunning architecture, historical significance, and cultural experiences.
This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know about visiting Red Square, from its historical background to the must-see attractions, practical tips, and the best times to visit.
1. Historical Significance of Red Square
Why It’s Important
Red Square is more than just a beautiful space; it is a symbol of Russian history and culture. Its name is derived from the Russian word “krasnaya,” which means both “red” and “beautiful,” highlighting the square’s importance as a central and beautiful gathering place in Moscow.
Key Historical Moments
- Origins: Red Square’s history dates back to the 15th century when it was originally the site of trade, public executions, and royal events. It has always been a central point in the city, connecting the Kremlin with the rest of Moscow.
- Soviet Era: The square became a focal point during the Soviet period. It was used for military parades and political rallies, marking significant events like the October Revolution and Victory Day parades.
- Modern Moscow: Today, Red Square is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a major tourist destination, representing the fusion of Moscow’s rich imperial past with its Soviet and modern history.
Why It’s Essential to Visit
- Cultural Symbol: Red Square is a powerful cultural and historical symbol of Moscow and Russia as a whole, offering insight into the country’s tumultuous past and its ongoing cultural significance.
- Iconic Location: As the heart of Moscow, it serves as a perfect starting point for exploring the city’s landmarks and attractions.
2. Must-See Attractions in and Around Red Square
Why It’s Important
Red Square is surrounded by several key landmarks, each representing a unique aspect of Moscow’s history and culture. Here are some of the top attractions to explore during your visit.
1. St. Basil’s Cathedral
- Overview: Perhaps the most recognizable symbol of Moscow, St. Basil’s Cathedral stands on the southern edge of Red Square. Known for its colorful onion domes, the cathedral is an architectural masterpiece with a fascinating history.
- What to See: Inside, you can explore a maze of chapels, each with its own distinct style. The iconic domes are said to represent a flame-like appearance, evoking a sense of warmth and spiritual devotion.
- Why Visit: St. Basil’s is not only a visual wonder but also a cultural treasure. It was originally built in the 16th century to commemorate the capture of Kazan and is a key symbol of Russian Orthodox architecture.
2. The Kremlin
- Overview: The Kremlin is a fortified complex that houses the Russian president and is home to several important museums and cathedrals. It sits at the north side of Red Square.
- What to See: Within the Kremlin walls, you can visit Assumption Cathedral, the Grand Kremlin Palace, and the State Armory museum, which houses royal treasures and historical artifacts.
- Why Visit: As the political center of Russia for centuries, the Kremlin is a symbol of Russian power and history. A tour through its cathedrals and museums will provide an in-depth look at Russian history.
3. Lenin’s Mausoleum
- Overview: Lenin’s Mausoleum is a monument to the founding father of Soviet Russia, Vladimir Lenin, who was embalmed and laid to rest in a Siberian granite sarcophagus on Red Square after his death in 1924.
- What to See: You can visit the mausoleum to see Lenin’s body on display, though there are occasionally closures for maintenance or national events.
- Why Visit: This is a significant historical site, offering a glimpse into the Soviet era and Lenin’s role in shaping modern Russian history.
4. GUM Department Store
- Overview: GUM (pronounced “goom”) is Moscow’s grandest department store, located on the eastern side of Red Square. It’s an iconic shopping center with a history dating back to the 19th century.
- What to See: The interior of GUM features Victorian-style glass roofing, luxurious boutiques, and a variety of high-end shops. It’s also a great place to pick up souvenirs or indulge in Russian confectionery.
- Why Visit: Beyond shopping, GUM’s architecture and history make it an important cultural and commercial site. It was once the center of Soviet trade before being revamped into the high-end shopping mall it is today.
5. State Historical Museum
- Overview: Located on the northern side of Red Square, the State Historical Museum houses Russia’s most extensive collection of historical artifacts.
- What to See: The museum’s exhibits cover Russia’s past from ancient times to the modern era, with collections of archaeological artifacts, historical documents, and artifacts from various Russian dynasties.
- Why Visit: For history enthusiasts, this museum is a must-see, offering a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical context of Red Square and the country as a whole.
3. Best Time to Visit Red Square
Why It’s Important
Red Square is one of the most visited spots in Moscow, and knowing when to visit can help you avoid crowds and enjoy the sights at your own pace.
Ideal Times
- Morning Visits: For a quieter experience, it’s best to visit Red Square in the early morning, before the crowds of tourists and locals arrive. The area is less crowded, and you can enjoy the landmarks without feeling rushed.
- Evening Views: If you’re looking for stunning photos, evening is the best time to visit, as the square is beautifully illuminated, and you can capture the Kremlin, St. Basil’s Cathedral, and GUM lit up against the night sky.
- Seasonal Considerations: The summer months (May to September) tend to be the busiest, but if you visit in winter, you can experience the festive atmosphere of the Christmas markets around Red Square, as well as the snow-covered beauty of the surrounding architecture.
4. Practical Tips for Visiting Red Square
Why It’s Important
Knowing a few practical tips can make your visit to Red Square more enjoyable and stress-free. Here are some things to keep in mind.
1. Security and Entrance:
- Security Checks: Be prepared for security screenings when entering Red Square. There are bag checks, and large items (such as backpacks) may be restricted in certain areas.
- Opening Hours: While Red Square itself is accessible 24/7, individual attractions like Lenin’s Mausoleum and St. Basil’s Cathedral have specific opening hours, so check them in advance to plan your visit.
2. Dress Comfortably:
- Since you’ll likely be walking a lot, wear comfortable shoes. The area can be expansive, and you’ll want to spend time exploring every corner of the square and its surrounding landmarks.
3. Language:
- While many people around Red Square, particularly in shops and tourist spots, speak some English, it’s helpful to know a few basic Russian phrases, especially if you plan to visit smaller shops or cafés.
4. Nearby Attractions:
- Don’t miss out on nearby attractions such as the Zaryadye Park, Vasilievsky Spusk, and the Moscow River Embankment, which are within walking distance from Red Square.
5. Guided Tours:
- If you want a more in-depth experience, consider joining a guided tour. Many tours of Red Square will provide interesting historical context and help you make the most of your visit.
Conclusion
Red Square is the heart of Moscow, where history, culture, and stunning architecture come together in an unforgettable experience. Whether you’re visiting the historic St. Basil’s Cathedral, exploring the Kremlin, or shopping at the GUM department store, Red Square offers a wide range of attractions that cater to all interests. With its deep historical significance, vibrant atmosphere, and proximity to other important sites, a visit to Red Square is essential for anyone looking to experience the best of Moscow.
